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Dog

The Labraniche , Labrador Retriever cross Poodle , is a solution for the blind allergic
The term derives from the term dog Latin canis in the same direction 7 . The female dog is called the dog and a young dog is called a puppy . The dog yelps , barks , growls or barks .
The designation of dogs generally follows the standardization follows:
Dog breed … : said of a dog that has undergone a standardized form of race to isolate the desired physical or behavioral characteristics. He is recognized as such by the authorities in charge of this standardization. Thus, for a Czechoslovakian Wolfdog recognized (usually by his registration in the corresponding origins) we use the term ” dog breed Wolfdog Czechoslovak “.
Type dog … : said of a dog that has undergone a standardized form of race and that is not recognized as such (not generally recorded in the corresponding studbook). Thus, for a Dogo Argentino unrecognized we use the term ” type dog Dogo Argentino “.
Crusader : said of a dog from standardized dog (breed or type) and identifiable. This crossing can be voluntary, it can then combine the specific characteristics of both breeds. For a cross between a German Shepherd and a malinois generally be used the term ” German shepherd cross malinois “often written” German Shepherd X malinois . ” In some cases we also used the contraction of two names of its component races. These include for example the ” Labraniche , “a cross between a labrador and a poodle or the” Greyster “cross between a greyhound greyhound and a German Shorthaired Pointer . There are also special cases and for crosses between purebred dogs Siberian Husky with greyhounds or other dogs hunting we will use the term ” Alaskan Husky “and crosses between mastiffs type American Staffordshire Terrier and Mastiff will be used the name ” Pitbull “. The crossing may be a prerequisite for defining a new breed.
Bastard : said of a dog from multiple crosses, often unintentional, between dogs of several breeds or types. The bastard is different from the cross by the unknown and indefinable character breeds or types of dogs that make it up. His name in the form of standard or combination of standards is impossible. It will be simply referred to as a ” bastard . ”
Mutt : The word ” mutt “means” the corner “. It is used primarily for a dog that has never been to standardize the form of race but suffers local stresses that confer specific characteristics. This is usually a local type of dog that is not yet known and whose standard is not defined precisely. Sometimes the mutt has to be standardized. This is the case of the Canaan Dog , or the Basenji , mutts at the origin, they are now recognized as breeds of dogs. Conversely, the Laobe and Africanis are still mutts . In countries Western , the rate of standardization of local dogs as breeds recognized ( Berger de Beauce , Picardy Shepherd , Berger Abruzzo , Bouvier des Flandres , etc …) is very high, the real mutts are now very rare . Thus, in common parlance the word mutt is often wrongly taken to mean bastard.
The word “dog” is used in various expressions such as: having the dog be some distinction and charm ; between dog and wolf : in the twilight ; keep a dog to his dog: colloquialism meaning to promise a future vengeance; the run-over dogs: section of insignificant trivia in a newspaper ; sick as a dog very sick and suffering, give themselves a bad dog: go to great trouble working on something; time dog time weather unpleasant (the rain , for example); dog’s life: hard and complicated life; dogfish : small shark 8 .
Or it is used in compound words such as: hunting-dog, dog sitting, doggy, dog dolphin, wolf-dog, dog-tooth, tongue-in-dog, dog, fish- dog, dog-killing eight .
History

Main article: Domestication of the dog .

A dog in the early xvi th century.
From a genetic point of view, according to a comparative analysis of samples of mitochondrial DNA , the lines of dog and wolf are separated there are about 100 000 years 9 . However, this discrepancy could be that of a wolf population of which would later be released line of dogs. The mitochondrial DNA testing can not prove that the dogs were already 100,000 years ago. Moreover, the oldest known fossil remains of domestic dogs were found in the cave of Goyet in Belgium , dating from 31,700 years 2 . The origin of this domestication is clearly prehistoric . Specifically, it is the work of hunting the Upper Paleolithic . In comparison, the horse will be domesticated by nomadic groups between 4000 and 3000 BC .
The dog was simply tamed among other animals, like jackals or rodents . But it is the only maintained in dependence, as it would have shown the most primitive socialization skills. The dog has the ancestor wolf . Experiments, during the last fifty years with selective breeding of foxes seem to give similar results to those observed in dogs (especially social behavior, pédomorphisme, childish temperament, etc..).
The dog would be a primitive hunting dog that helped the man.
In antiquity , the fighting dogs were used (eg Irish wolfhound ), production of meat and were also carriers of beliefs and rites of a religious type.
Later, under the Roman Empire , they were pets, livestock herders and used for hunting.
The Middle Ages , in the campaigns and the working classes, the dogs gave rise to collective fears and exterminations were under daily. For the nobility, however, this was the golden age of hunting .
At the Renaissance , men’s passion for hunting managed to keep a place for dogs in society. The nobility considered the dog as a sign of power and grandeur. This allowed the development of breeds of pet dogs.
The xix th century , the dog population is growing digital. It has become a common animal.
Around 1855 , the oldest breeds of dogs are officially recognized and their type is homogenized (fixed) while new races created by man appear. It is the appearance of the canine .
At the Belle Epoque , then between the wars, the artists , the writers , and politicians choose animals that differentiate them from the common such as dachshunds by their small size or poodles for their hair.
on 3 November 1957 , Laika (from Russian : Лайка , “little barker”) 10 , a dog of the Soviet space program became the first living being in orbit around the Earth . It was launched by the USSR aboard the spacecraft Sputnik 2 , a month after launching the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1 .
Systematic

Dogs were given the scientific name Canis familiaris the xviii th century , before the development of evolutionary biology , which helped to highlight the close relationship between domestic and wild breeds. As such, the scientific status of ‘species’ home has been questioned, and many biologists consider them more now than domesticated forms of species original wild.
A species is indeed composed of “groups of natural populations, actually or potentially interbreeding, which are genetically isolated from other similar groups 11 . ” However, the “species” domestic cross with their parent species when they have a chance. “Given that, at least in regard to primitive breeds of domestic animals, they would, in general, an entity with their ancestral species reproduction, if given the opportunity, the classification of pets own as a species is not acceptable. That’s why we tried to define them as subspecies 12 . ”
Then given the new subspecies the name of the species of origin, supplemented by the name of subspecies which takes over the second part of the former species name.
Common Name Traditional species name Species name revised
Domestic dog Canis familiaris Canis lupus familiaris
Domestic Cattle Bos taurus Bos primigenius taurus
Domestic goat Capra hircus Capra hircus aegagrus
Some biologists are also discouraged from using the concept of subspecies domesticated for a group. From an evolutionary standpoint, the idea of ​​species or subspecies is indeed related to the idea of ​​natural selection, rather than artificial selection. Because of this reluctance, and “since about 1960, is used increasingly designation” training “, abbreviated” f. “Clearly expresses that it is a form of domestic animal that can possibly go back to various wild subspecies:
Domestic dogs – Canis lupus f. familiaris
Domestic cattle – Bos primigenius f. taurus
Domestic goat – Capra aegagrus f. hircus 12 ”
Physical characteristics

Size and weight vary greatly from one race to another, chihuahuas and great danes
The skeleton of the dog has about three hundred bones (about eighty more than an adult human skeleton), the number varying from one race to another.
Despite its domestication and dependence on the man who follows the dog kept his athletic muscles making it a sporty and active animal. He has a chest wide and down, and legs that rest on the ground that by their third phalanx. The dog is a digitigrade. The forelegs have five fingers, one, the thumb, called ergot , has atrophied and do not touch the ground. The hind typically have four, ergot existing only in some breeds but can be doubled among some shepherds ( Beauce , Brie ). The fingers end in claws and are supported by their paws.
The dog’s head has a powerful jaw. The bite from a Rottweiler was measured at 149 kg / cm 2 , that of a German Shepherd has a pressure of 108 kg / cm 2 , and that of a pitbull 106 kg / cm 2 13 . Permanent teeth, consisting of forty-two teeth, is up to 6 months .
In dogs, the size and weight vary greatly from one race to another in the extreme, the mass of the chihuahua can be 900 g and that of the Mastiff can reach 140 kg .
Life expectancy of this animal is an average of eleven years, but can range from eight to twenty-one years.
His sense of orientation is much more accurate than humans. Similarly, his sense of balance would be slightly sharper.
The dog’s normal body temperature ranges from 38.5 to 38.7 ° C . His breathing is normal for sixteen to eighteen movements per minute (18 to 20 young, the old 14 to 16). His pulse is from ninety to one hundred beats per minute (the young one hundred ten to one hundred and twenty, the old soixante to eighty). He takes on the inside of the thigh 14 .
Meaning

Dog looking at his reflection in a mirror
The brains of dogs is rather small, since it weighs, on average, than two-thirds of the wolf. However, it has highly developed senses.
The sense of smell, on average 35 times larger in dogs than in humans, however, varies greatly depending on the breed. Its olfactory membrane measuring 130 cm 2 (cons 3 cm 2 in men). Note that this sense is discriminating (the dog is able to detect and track a specific smell from a multitude of other odors, even if it is tiny proportion), capacity widely used by humans for research drugs, explosives, missing persons, hunting, etc..
Hearing is also a very specific meaning: the dog is able to hear sounds inaudible to humans ( ultrasound ). In addition, the dog’s ears can move towards a sound source by rotating through many muscles, allowing them to great accuracy in sound localization.
The vision of the dog is better at night because, although hard to distinguish colors (its visual spectrum is only going from yellow to blue) and the details, it has a reflective surface behind the retina (the ” tapetum lucidum “), which reflects light and gives an effect of bright eyes in the dark. The field of view of the dog is about 250 degrees.
Touch is however little advanced in the dog. This will make the difference between a caress and a correction, heat and cold, but on a limited basis.
Similarly, the taste is weak because its function relatively small and is outweighed by a nose end.
Races and morphologies
Main articles: List of dog breeds and Cynologie .

Different breeds of dog: 1 – German Shepherd , 2 – Colley , 3 – Spitz , 4 – Dobermann , 5 – Airedale Terrier , 6 – Irish Terrier (in) , 7 – Poodle , 8 and 9 – German Pinscher , 10 – Loulou de Pomerania , 11 – Maltese
The study of dogs and breeds of dogs is called cynology .
The Federation Cynologique Internationale recognizes 335 breeds. It is what defines the “standard”, that is to say all the defining characteristics of a race. There are several categories of dogs based on their morphology:
The molosser dogs are more or less the snout short and rather round head; mastiffs and mountain dogs. Some come from the mountains of Asia.
The lupoid head have a “pyramid” and right ears in general sheepdogs, terriers, spitz-type dog and primitive. They come from northern Europe.
The braccoïdes have a long square muzzle and floppy ears, except hunting dogs terriers, greyhounds and primitive. They come from northern Europe also.
The vulpoïdes have thick fur, pointed ears and curled tail and headed back towards the dog, the Siberian husky , the German Spitz and the Samoyed are vulpoïdes. It comes from the Nordic countries .
The bassetoïdes are small and low, the basset hound is the best known bassetoïde. They come from France .
The graïoïdes have a long dolichocephalic head, a body end and a chest down. They come from the Middle East .
These categories are themselves divided into ten groups based on morphology and the use of dogs.
Albinism in dogs
Sometimes it happens that their dogs are born a certain way albinique , that is to say with a completely white fur and eyes clear in principle, or green, blue, white, but red (rare for the dog albino ).
Care

Supply

Video in slow motion of a Swiss white shepherd lapping.
As with any pet, make sure to put water available day and night, and in sufficient quantity. Ideally, during meals, it would prevent access to water because its ingestion with food makes it more difficult. This will make available approximately fifteen minutes after the meal.
In the wild, wild dog is primarily a scavenger 15 . The domestic dog is a carnivore omnivore tends to 16 , however it is sometimes considered to be truly omnivorous, because of its opportunistic behavior. Half of its diet should consist of meat 17 . Store foods are monitored and are adapted to different life stages of the animal (puppy, adult, senior). However, it is possible to call yourself a balanced meal and adapted to the needs of an animal. For this, it is wise to consult a veterinarian 18 .
Some grains and vegetables are convenient because they contain fibers that allow, in appropriate quantity, proper digestion. The digestive tract of the dog is ill-suited to vegetables against fermentable as white beans, kidney beans, lentils and onions. Even if the dog can afford to eat more food categories (meat, fish, vegetables …), some appear to be real dangers for him.
Owners are often tempted to give bones to their dogs, but be aware that there is a risk (low) they break down into small sharp pieces and cause damage when ingested (eg perforation or laceration of the esophagus, stomach or intestine). But most often, the bones form a kind of agglomerated sand in the lumen of the intestine causing severe constipation accompanied by abdominal pain (colic). Some dogs, used to eat, very well manage their consumption of bones, some not. Some bones (chicken, rabbit, chop) are more dangerous than others. Bones poorly cleaned (with many tendons and ligaments) causing indigestion. Finally, we must recognize that the bones positively occupy a dog (it is better that gnaws a bone as table legs) and the work of chewing is good for oral hygiene.
It’s the same pieces of wood that the dog tends to eat away 19 .
Treats can be offered sparingly as a reward to the animal rather greedy. We are no longer here, strictly speaking, within the strict framework of Food: A reward should be reserved in a learning context ( Application of a stimulus as part of an animal learning ), in the case otherwise it can be a source of behavioral (obesity, theft and disorder hierarchical).
The chocolate contains theobromine , a substance not well tolerated by dogs: small doses (two grams is enough for the smallest), they can be fatal 20 .
For a puppy, meals will be provided four times a day, because as a baby, their stomachs are smaller and digestion is faster. At six months, we can get three meals, and adult, one or two meals will be sufficient.
Reproduction

Female dog with puppies
The dog, which accept the male only during the period of ovulation, is in heat twice a year. However, this rate is only average, the heat may occur, according to race, with five to nine months apart. Among the most primitive breeds and wolf-dog, the female is in heat only once a year, as the wolf.
Gestation lasts between fifty to nine and sixty-three days. The power will be amended in the second month, ideally on the advice of a specialist.
A few days before farrowing, which lasts about 10 hours, the female prepares a place and frets. The veterinarian can possibly be prevented, to be available in case of complications. At parturition, the bitch takes care of the puppies as and when they arrive, cutting the umbilical cord and placenta eating: this is necessary for lactation.
Litters can be many (by race), from 2 to 12 pups. The owner is responsible for each puppy born: he has a duty to take care of or find them a home. In fact, throughout the world, including so-called industrialized countries, many puppies are killed or simply euthanized if they have not found any reason for being, according to their existence. It is often difficult to place each of the newborns, which is why some companies recommend surgical sterilization .
Uses on the sale of a puppy in the middle of farming in France
Regarding the offspring of the stallion , the owner of the stallion does not have the right, vis-à-vis the owner of the running , to compensation other than those provided for the projection. He has no right to put a puppy unless the owner wishes to keep a stallion on his own farm, subject to not sell it.
When the parties have agreed for the delivery of a puppy as cash compensation for the projection, this agreement must be in writing and before mating. Under such an agreement, the following should be formulated and adhered to:
The moment of choice of puppy by the owner of the stallion (owned by the first choice).
The time of delivery of the puppy to the owner of the stallion.
The point at which the right to choice by the agent of the stud is irrevocably past.
Regulation of transport costs.
The special arrangements in case the bitch does low as puppies born dead or alive or only one puppy in the event that the puppy would choose to die before delivery.
Diseases and vaccinations

Dog with a collar preventing him from touching his wounds

Dentist Dog (U.S. Navy)
In some countries, pet dogs, working, hunting are referenced to ensure their health and protection. Worming and vaccinations are part of basic medical care of animals, which must have papers and health records updated during visits by the veterinarian . These formalities, important for the dog’s health, so are when it comes to the travel. Bonds vary from country to country, but the rage generally remains a serious disease for which the vaccine is required.
Wormers issued by veterinarians aim to eliminate internal parasites ( to bowel) which dogs could be carriers and victims.
Dipylidium caninum is a tapeworm of medium size, regular parasite of the dog, which determines a taeniasis : the dipylidiose .
Internal parasites are not very specific, as intestinal parasites that are tapeworms or roundworms, coccidia , and whipworms , or other causes of diseases such as scabies ear , the demodicosis , the toxoplasmosis , the heartworm , and hookworm , the liver fluke , the giardiasis . The giardose the dog is common in France, affecting animals of all ages, with a higher prevalence among young people who are more susceptible to contamination fecal and are immunologically immature.
A healthy dog has a wet nose. The personal hygiene (hindquarters, legs, coat, etc..), Provided by the dog, is also the sign. The breath should not be foul (any caries). The dog’s normal temperature is between 38 and 39 ° C , depending on the breed and activity. His heart rate is about 90 to 120 beats per minute, for about 20 breaths at that time.
If the dog’s temperature rises to over 39 ° C is that the dog is definitely sick. To measure temperature using a thermometer can be lightly lubricated. The sick dog can not speak clearly, it is the owner of the dog to pay attention to any symptoms, signs and abnormal behavior. To see if the animal is sick, do not hesitate to observe its behavior, for example, if no longer eat, or do not want to walk out, or even play his favorite game is if playful nature. Think also to observe their stool, if diarrhea, vomiting, difficulty moving or even groans, do not hesitate to go see a vet.
Major infectious diseases in dogs are distemper , the disease Rubarth , the leptospirosis , and parvovirus . These diseases may be the subject of vaccinations, and require treatment by a veterinarian. The dog may also suffer from conditions such as digestive problems, heart or urinary tract.
Parasites
Brushing, especially for dogs with long hair, removes dead hair. It can also identify the possible presence of external parasites such as ticks or fleas . The most common flea in dogs is actually the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis . These parasites are responsible for itchy nuisance, can cause allergies, falling hair, and skin irritations in dogs. They must be disposed of as directed by a veterinarian or his own experience.
When the dog has fleas you have to destroy the dog but also where he sleeps, because they can also become lodged in cracks in the ground near his home. A thorough cleaning will be necessary.
The ticks are easier to remove. They can be removed with tweezers but you must have a certain knack. However, if a tick is removed poorly, his “mistake “can become stuck in the dog’s skin and cause inflammation and infection. However, there are small devices specifically designed to remove ticks safely.
If necessary, a suitable shampoo can be used to wash the animal.
However it should wash the dog rarely ever see because frequent baths can irritate the skin of the animal and cause of the eczema . The eyes and ears but can also be cleaned with caution. For the feet, check regularly or in case of lameness , to prevent a foreign body (thorn, nail …) does not cause damage between the pads. Ideally, deworming dogs, because they may have intestinal worms. Taking tablets or other forms, and avoids remove these worms. If the dog rubs populations of ticks, fleas and other, one can apply the appropriate treatment. The treatments can be prescribed by a veterinarian.
Activities, games, work out

Dog walker in Paris
Dogs, especially larger, more muscular (Newfoundland, Boxer, etc..) And strongest (Pyrenean shepherd, terriers, etc..) Need space and muscle activity: play, work , etc..
If a garden where the animal could stay as long as he wants, it needs to “come out” at least four times a day (once every six hours) for about twenty minutes approximately, to “spend”, but above all to avoid urinary tract infections, usually due to too long stagnation of urine in the bladder. If the animal can not be detached because he runs away, a long leash is adapted.
The average of four trips per day will increase for increased risk of urinary tract infection. This is particularly true for certain breeds of dogs, like German Shepherds (likely many kidney problems) or when the dog has access to foods not recommended (see diet).
If the animal has access to a garden or other space, a daily output of a period of about an hour (more or less depending on the dog, race, age, etc..) Is ideal.
The best companion of the dog remains in default of Man, another dog. However, the reactions of these dogs are unpredictable and require an observation time of the owners in case of assembly. The dog is a social animal and contact. Loneliness is painful to him. He also always requires contact with other dogs. It is frequently in search of partners either for the game, mutual grooming, and reproduction.
The marking of the territory is an act of great importance. The dog needs to sniff his own tracks which of these congeners and to file new. The work or play is vital for the psychological well even in the adult dog, as it serves to remove the accumulated tension.
Education

Training a Berger de Beauce
Learning can be very long and can take years in some specific cases: guide dog, assistance, police, etc. herd. Education is also part of the health of the pet: the authority of the owner must be established as soon as possible and socialization can integrate the dog into a family with children and / or other pets.
As with all learning, there is no single method effective in all situations, but a wide range of learning methods: each master to find one that will make the dog understand what is expected of him.
Moreover, although some breeds of dogs are calmer than others, the behavior of a dog still depends on education and the attention it has received. However, a dog will keep his share of instinct and predator .
In some countries, like any pet, dogs have the right to health and protection which means that owners have duties and responsibilities to themselves and vis-à-vis the safety of others. In France, the mistreatment of animals are penalized, and their trafficking, with penalties of fines. A decree 21 in 2008 imposes a behavioral evaluation of dogs. In Switzerland, dog owners need training.
Role and place the dog in society

Their most general seems to be with the man. The man likes to have dogs around him. This is probably due to both human psychology and dog psychology. Also, the need for natural abilities of dogs in foster activities, guard, hunting, research is essential.
Dog population statistics
Number of dogs per country [ref. required] .
South Africa : 9.1 million ( 1 in 5 people )
Germany : 5.1 million (1 per 16 inhabitants)
Australia : 4 million ( 1 in 5 people )
Brazil : 34 million (1 to 6 people) in 2010 22
U.S. : 61 million ( 1 in 5 people )
France : 7.8 million dogs (1 to 8 people) in 2008 23 .
India : 440 000 (one for 2,609 inhabitants)
Indonesia : 1.3 million (1 per 20 people)
Italy : 7,000,000 (1 to 9 people)
Japan : 9.6 million (1 in 13 people)
Malaysia : 1.5 million (1 in 17 people)
New Zealand : 440 000 (1 to 9 people)
Poland : 7.5 million ( 1 in 5 people )
China : 22 million (1 in 62 people)
UK : 6 million (1 per 10 people)
Russia : 9.6 million (1 per 15 people)
Thailand : 6.9 million (1 to 9 people)
Which must be added the stray dogs or dogs pariahs , reverted more or less wild Maroonage .
Utility dogs more specific

Breed puppy to Atura Gos , sheepdogs or custody
Outside the family setting where he likes to spend, share games and joys while protecting his home by mounting guard, found the dog in various activities alongside the man.
Dogs are used for many tasks, which require different qualities, as appropriate:
Long, the sheepdogs are the auxiliary herders ( shepherds ) or where they are.
The xix th century, dogs, called Dogs cart , were used, including France, Belgium and the Netherlands, for pulling the little cart of milk deliverers , this practice is now banned.
The dog breeds known for their strength and endurance can be used as dog hitch , to rescue and support .
Those whose abilities, attention, obedience and scent are appreciated, help hunters ( hunting dog ) , dogs Truffle hunters auxiliary caveurs ( truffle dog ) , or the police in the fight against Drugs ( detection dog ) and paging ( tracking dogs like German Shepherds ).
The watchdog must be both aggressive and obedient.
Some dogs are trained to help people with disabilities, including blind people ( guide dog , such as Labradors ).
Finally, those curious enough, players, complicit with their master, can be a circus dog , dog actor, dog sports or leisure .
Also used dogs in war, the best known example being that of anti-tank dogs .
Today, the French army employs a number of military dogs. They are very effective aids for explosives (operations were conducted to search for landmines , drugs, for the detection of intruders on the premises of the defense). Highly qualified staff form teams each year hunting . The dog must establish military with his canine partner complicity resistant foolproof in the worst situations. He must master all the techniques to transport the dog in the mountains, and sea (rappelling with his dog, but also do parachute jumps with his dog, etc..). The Belgian Shepherd Malinois dog is prized for its cunning temperament, his liveliness and insight.
The dogs, mostly beagles , are also used for scientific research. In France, this use is regulated by Decree 1987 of 24 : the provision of laboratories for dogs is legal, as animal testing, yet many organizations protest against these practices. In Canada, the experimental conditions are particularly defined by the Canadian Council on Animal Care 25 .
The pet therapy occasionally uses dogs to help solve behavioral problems in children 26 .
Food
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Main article: Cynophagie .
In some cultures, eating of dog meat. The chow and American hairless dogs ( Mexican hairless dog and hairless dog of Peru ), in particular, are breeds specifically selected as a source of meat.
Also, some countries like China are the scene of a traffic of dogs, held and used under circumstances described as inhuman by animal rights groups, who revolt against their practices.
The dog is used in human food, or has been used on practically the entire planet, except for Muslims. However, it is culturally frowned upon to eat dog in Europe and the United States as well as Canada in recent decades. Some U.S. states explicitly prohibit in its consumption.
Services for dogs

The company adapts to the presence of dogs in families and cities. Thus, many specialized structures have emerged to meet the needs of their companions and teachers.
Training and education : Education centers allow homeowners to get advice from experts. These centers usually offer “courses” in which dogs learn basic commands.
Care : The veterinary clinics provide medical monitoring of animals. Moreover, as there are doctors on call, there are veterinary care to respond to emergencies.
Grooming : In addition to shops specializing in the care for “canine beauty contest ‘, some pet stores offer a wash and put in beautiful pets.
Massage : adaptation techniques that benefit humans.
Transport : The rail and air networks also offer solutions for the animals to follow their masters when traveling or moving.
Daycare : In addition to specialized institutions, the ” dog-sitting “, which consists of an investment in” foster care “for the movement of owners, avoids many dropouts on the eve of the holiday.
Shelters : Too often overloaded, they are the last refuges of animals abandoned, lost, abused, or simply waiting for a new master.
Behaviorist : The behaviorist business can analyze the human / animal and thus helps homeowners set various behavioral problems.
Problems with dogs

Problem of dog mess in town
Problems with dog excrement can be a challenge for urban cleaning service. For example, the dog population of Paris alone produces 16 tons of manure per day 27 . This problem may require tailored solutions in terms of urban cleanliness. Of motor droppings were created in the 1990s in Paris to pick up dog waste, in addition to dedicated spaces. Communication campaigns attempt to notify owners of problems caused by dog faeces. Many cities have set up distribution systems for plastic bags to allow owners to clean up after their pets.
Problem of stray dogs

Stray dog
Stray dogs or pariah dogs , reverted more or less wild Maroonage are local sources of damage in herds sheep and human bites (eg Gurgaon (India) about 50 bites caused by stray dogs are registered every day 28 ), which may help spread rabies or other infections. While in Western countries stray dogs are placed in impound and vaccination is widespread, many developing countries have no means of population control canine.
Standardization of names of dogs

There is a system of standardization in the different countries of the World. This is a formality that must be universally respected for the dog breed, as long as his master’s intention to enroll in the official dog shows.
Name of the dogs in France
In France, a rule requires that all dogs descended from two parents registered in the LOF and therefore holders of the “birth certificate and provisional registration under the LOF of the offspring “born the same year have names beginning with the same letter. This rule was introduced to bring order in the “Book of French origins” or LOF , civil registry dog since 1885 .
For a long time, the owners were not obliged to report promptly their pets and some were even several years after birth. Therefore, the national register had quickly become a major headache during consultations since dogs were not registered in the chronological order of their date of birth.
In 1926 , the Central Canine Society , responsible for maintaining the register “LOF”, sets up an initial system of lettering for easy consultation. All dogs born the same year must now wear a name whose first letter is the one chosen for this year: “A” 1926 , “B” in 1927 , etc.. (“Z” was excluded). However, 1948 to 1952 , many owners have rebelled against this system which imposed the letters “W”, “X” or “Y”, because they offered too few opportunities for names, which had the consequence that 1952 a dog four was called “Zorro.”
Finally, in 1973 , the Société Centrale Canine permanently suppressed letters considered hard “K”, “Q”, “W”, “X” or “Y”, reducing the alphabet to twenty canine names. That year, we choose the letter “J ” 29 .
In 2012, France is currently in the letter H.
Name of dogs in other francophone countries
In the main French-speaking countries, dogs born in 2008 must have a name beginning with the letters respectively following 30 :
Belgium: the letter H 31
Quebec (Canada): the letter U 6
Switzerland: in regard to Switzerland, the name does not include the year, but the scope of livestock in a given. The first litter of dogs are given the letter A, those of the second litter the letter B and so on.
Legislation

Regulatory context
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Most recently, the State has profoundly altered the organization under his tutelage for keeping herd books or records of livestock breeds of canine and feline species.
The provisions of Article L. 653-3 of the Code Rural organizing under the tutelage of the state keeping herd books or records of livestock breeds of equine, mules, cattle, sheep, goats and pigs are more concerned canine and feline species .
ACT n o 2011-525 of 17 May 2011 “simplifying and improving the quality of law”, in Article 33 excludes from these provisions these two species, thus depriving the foundation decrees and orders specifying the conditions granting and withdrawal of accreditation of selection, and their missions.
The situation created by this reorganization can be summarized by two consequences:
The herd books in canine and feline species is not exercised in the situation of monopoly hitherto justified by sovereign prerogatives that it reserved the public.
Activities related to the maintenance of herd books in canine and feline species have now a private nature and are no longer a public service delegation of administrative nature.
Identification and vaccination
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In Europe , the identification of domestic carnivores by subcutaneous chip electronics and vaccination against rabies is mandatory for crossing borders 32 .
In France the identification and vaccination against rabies is mandatory to go on some islands (including Corsica ) for imports or 33 . The identification on French territory is declared mandatory in the departments affected by the rage 34 .
Straying and dangerous dogs
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In Quebec
In Quebec , in terms of bites and aggression in dogs is the trend of discrimination 35 races say some powerful, ferocious or dangerous (pit bull, German shepherd, husky) because their bite will cause physical and psychological damage in the humans. The mouth is more powerful, the dog bigger and stronger, the damage will be visible. It is important to note that small nerve breeds bite more often as humans and they are smaller damage is imperceptible or less so do not generate complaints 36 and leaves no scar. Socialization and early education is a major factor that influences the behavior of the dog no matter his race 37 . The dog could be dangerous to humans if trauma (car accident), it is a phase in post-epileptic (still does not recognize his master), it is old (senile ) 38 , suffering (diseases) or wandering.
In France
Main articles: Domestic Carnivore and Domestic animals in French law .
In France , the law distinguishes between races or types of dogs deemed potentially dangerous and other breeds of dogs must comply with less stringent rules. Dogs could be dangerous are categorized.
Dogs may be dangerous to the first category (attack dogs) are type dogs “pit bull”, “boerbull” or “comparable Tosa”, ie:
Pitbull type: dogs by their morphological characteristics comparable to the dogs of the breed Staffordshire Terrier or American Staffordshire terrier without being registered in the LOF
Type boerbull: dogs assimilated by their morphological characteristics to breed dogs Mastiff , without being registered in the LOF
Comparable Tosa dogs assimilated by their morphological characteristics to breed dogs Tosa , without being registered in the LOF
Dogs may be dangerous to the second category (guard dogs and defense) are:
bred dogs Staffordshire Terrier , registered in the LOF
purebred dogs American Staffordshire Terrier , registered in the LOF
bred dogs Tosa , registered in the LOF
bred dogs Rottweiler , registered in the LOF and the dogs by their morphological characteristics comparable to the dogs of the breed Rottweiler , not in the LOF
Since 1 January 2010 , all owners of a dog first or second category, a dog has bitten or who might pose a threat, must be licensed dog. It is therefore imperative to train to be declared fit to hold a dog called “dangerous”. In addition, the master submits his dog behavioral assessment performed by a licensed veterinarian behaviorist. The test assesses the risk and dangerousness of the dog and what to do. This monitoring will detect any abnormal behavior in animals 39 .
Straying is prohibited and subject to impoundment 34 . However a dog in hunting action, custody or protection of livestock is excluded from the law on the straying.
Except when a hunting action, custody or protection of the flock so that the dog is not considered to stray, the owner or person having charge held 40 :
either keep the dog under his supervision, effectively
either keep the dog within earshot of any instrument or sound for his recall,
is to be removed from the dog from a distance of one hundred meters.
United States of America
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Dog breeding in China, and new EU regulation
In some countries, the fur of dogs and cats are subject to significant demand in the industries of fashion . Many animal protection organizations condemn this use of cats 41 . She is now prohibited for import and export to Europe from January 2009 42 , 43 .
The measures taken by Europe in this area aims to end abuses in the fur trade, especially from Asian countries, whose labeling is often misleading (cat fur or dog imported under other designations, such as fur, for example). These practices would in particular the fact of China, who would engage in the breeding of dogs and cats for their fur trade on a large scale 44 .
As stated on this occasion Markos Kyprianou , European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Protection:
“The message sent by European consumers could not be clearer. They believe it is acceptable to farm cats and dogs for their fur and they want products containing such fur sold on the European market. The ban at EU level we are proposing today means that consumers can be confident of not inadvertently buying, products containing the fur of cats and dogs 44 . ”
According to investigators from PETA -Germany, who led an investigation in southern China, dogs and cats in China would be the subject of a major commercial, in a particularly shocking 45 :
First of all, dogs and cats crammed into wire cages twenty, and would be transported by truck, each truck grouping in these cages more than 800 animals, often injured and distraught. Always according to PETA, the traffic would affect millions of dogs and cats, to get their fur;
cages are unloaded from trucks by throwing them to the ground without any precautions, sometimes more than three meters high, breaking the legs of animals. These would be in a number of cases of stolen animals, because wearing a necklace;
Finally, the skins of these dogs and the cats would frequently in China subject to misleading labeling, generating for the Western consumer risk buying unintentionally skin clothing of cat or dog.
The new EU regulation bans the placing on the market, the importation into the Community and the export from cat fur and dog fur and products containing, as of December 31, 2008. It takes into account the labeling fraud identified from third countries by establishing detection means necessary. According to Regulation (EC) n o 1523/2007 of the European Parliament and the Council of 11 December 2007 43 :
“The Member States shall, before December 31, 2008, informing the Commission of the detection methods of fur they use to determine the species of origin of fur (eg mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF ) “;
“The Commission may adopt measures establishing analytical methods for use in this field”;
“Member States shall, before December 31, 2008, establish appropriate sanctions to ensure that the ban is respected and notify those provisions to the Commission.”
Significantly, the context of this case that the Community adopts this regulation states that while “the Treaty does not allow the Community to legislate on the basis of ethical concerns” 46 , and that the Commission gives the opportunity ( January 23, 2006) communication to Parliament and the Council , “on a community action plan for the protection and welfare of animals during the period 2006-2010 [COM (2006) 13 final - Official Journal C 49 of 28.02.2006] ” 43 .
The dog in the culture

Symbolic of the dog in the myths and legends
In mythology
The dog has an important place in mythology as it is considered an animal psychopomp. That is to say that to guide the souls of the dead. The symbolism found wolves initiator and guardian of the kingdom of the dead among many peoples: Egyptian (Anubis the god of the dead and guide of souls, dog-headed or jackal), Greeks (Cerberus, the monstrous dog with three heads, guardian of the Underworld), Sioux (the wolf is called “under-dog world” and coyotes “dog laughing”), Bantu (the dog delivers messages to the dead sorcerer in a trance), Mexicans (god Xolotl dog that accompanied the yellow sun in its journey under the earth to protect it during the night).
In the symbolic
Anubis Egyptian God of the Dead
Among the Celts the dog was considered an animal in exceptional courage. Describe someone “dog” in this civilization, was to pay tribute to the bravery of the individual. The hero Cuchulainn (Culann dog) of Irish Celtic mythology is the most iconic image. For the Chinese, the dog is the eleventh of twelve animals that appears in the zodiac. It is sensitive to said everything related to injustice, intelligent and helpful. For Muslims the dog has a dark side which makes it an impure, except the greyhound is considered a noble animal. This duality has earned dogs a number of unflattering terms: “a dog character, dog time, treat someone like a dog, having a dog’s life …”. Few variations praise such as “having the dog.”
There are also many legends about the dog or its ancestor, the wolf: ghost black dogs of British folklore, werewolves, the famous beast of Gevaudan, Nivernais or the Aubrac, the “bad wolf” of Little Red Riding Hood or the Three Little Pigs. The dog is also honored in film and television (Beethoven, Lassie faithful dog, Belle and Sebastian, Rin Tin Tin, Rex …) or in the comic (Milou, Rantanplan, Bill, Idefix, Ulna, Snoopy, etc.. ). It is not forgotten in novels such as “Hound of the Baskervilles”, a Sherlock Holmes adventure, the detective invented by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, “White Fang” by Jack London and “Cujo” by Stephen King.
In astronomy
The dog is also represented in astronomy from Ptolemy, the constellations Canis Major (Canis Major), which hosts the Sirius the brightest star in the sky, that the Little Dog (Canis Minor), which hosts Procyon, a star rising just before Sirius, and the northern constellation of the Hunting Dogs (Canes Venatici) whose discovery is more recent.
In religion
The vagaries of its domestication may explain the ambiguous picture, sometimes positive or negative, attached to this animal. If dogs have been domesticated very early in Western Europe by the Greeks , they remained in the wild regions of western Asia , as well as the pariah dogs in India . Dogs are considered as rather faithful companions by Christians , while the Hebrews and Islam continued to despise the wild dogs or brown banded prowling hungry, happy scavengers , spreading rabies and copulating in full view of passers- 47 , 48 .
Thus for an Arab , would be the worst insult of being called a “dog” 47 .

A joke (1882) by Jean-Leon Gerome depicting a Muslim in his living room blowing a puff from the hookah to his dog, a greyhound Arabic
But the Qur’an makes little reference to the dog, if not to hound : it is considered good to eat the meat of an animal killed by a pet dog after pronouncing the name of God 49 . Similarly, the dog is presented as a faithful animal 50 or presented as a full refugee 51 for Sleepers of the Cave , hidden there because they were persecuted for their belief in God .
The Hadith further address the question of the dog. According to these accounts, Muhammad would have said that a man who gives drink to a thirsty dog will be forgiven of his sins , he said that the same applies for the assistance provided to any other animal 52 . It would also not recommended for Muslims to keep dogs in their houses belonging to other races as hunting dogs , sheep dogs or guard dogs for land (for the land we need to understand the field ) 53 .
The Talmud does not approve the detention of a dog at home, where he must be constantly chained. No one widow living alone with a dog, for fear of being suspected of having “prohibited relationships” 47 .
In Christian iconography , the dog is shown with the saints has a positive and active role. For example St. Wendelin is accompanied by a sheep dog , while we Attributed to St. Eustatius , St. Hubert and St. Julian the Hospitaller of hunting dogs . In painting dominicaine , dogs have the task of rout of wolves , representing the heretics , who prey on sheep , like the faithful 54 .
In ancient Greek, the dog is also used when insults: thus Agamemnon he treats Achilles ‘Man of the dog’s eye, the heart of deer ” 55 . The favorite swearword of Socrates is by the dog , and refers to the god Egyptian Anubis 56 .
Dogs famous real